Validity, Reliability And Generalizability - 924 Words

Validity, reliability and generalizability In the surveys and randomized controlled trials, validity, reliability and generalizability are three key factors. Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct†¦show more content†¦Epistemological criticism argues that all approaches are unlikely to produce consistent evidence because of the inherent property. It will generate a new viewpoint. However, through abundant reading, triangulation will enlarge width and depth in qualitative research and provide an analysis with security- a overall perspective. Participants can improve the validity of research. Bl oor (1978) argues that sociologists can establish a correspondence with participants, in which participants can identify, give assent and judgement to sociologists. Reliability refers to coherence, stability and dependability in test results, generally using internal consistency to express the levels of reliability in the test. The higher reliability indicates the higher level of accordance, stabilization and dependability in test results. Reliability is the precondition of validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1981). The same findings may not generate if the same research is repeated, because many influencing factors may work in the process of research. The process of establishment in reliability research includes: the research rigorously collect and explain data in consistent investigation (internal checks); the process is transparent (sample design, field work, inquiry and rational data). Patton (1987) suggests that the use of triangulation in multiple approaches can increase the reliability in results. Generalizability can beShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Validity, Reliability And Generalizability Of The Researcher s Finding Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch design should be the validity, reliability and generalizability of the researcher’s finding. Creditable goes along ways and weighs heavy in the research world. Validity in research is measures on how much truth lies in the research by the proper tools in place for accuracy and truthfulness of scientific finding (1993). There are four different approaches to validity: face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity (2012). Validity is just like testing the hypothesisRead MoreThe Theory Of Political Personality Orientation1241 Words   |  5 Pagesformal and informal power is used to govern and/or manipulate others (Kaestner, Rosen, Appel, Sofer, 1977). The Mach IV scale is the most widely used measure of Machiavellianism to date. The remainder of this paper will assess the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the Mach IV, along with the pros and cons of the measurement, and suggested changes that may solve these problems. Christie et al. examined Eysenck’s The Psychology of Politics (1954), the biblical stories of Adam and Eve andRead MoreA Critique Of The Administration Of Intravenous Medication Administration Errors1474 Words   |  6 Pagesintravenous medication administration error and as this study design assess multiple effects it facilitated for this. It also means that the study is able to measure what it aims to measure increasing measurement validity (Socialresearchmethods.net, 2017), which further increases the internal validity of the study and thus making it more reliable. However, it is a very expensive and time-consuming study design to utilise. In comparison the 2015 article aimed to investigate the underlying causes of intravenousRead MoreChanging a Qualitative Research Into a Quantitative Study1485 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresentative of 1500 participants to give a higher validity and reliability of the research findings. Participants will be recruited through random selectio n of nurses who have ever been deployed to military crisis zones. The use of randomised selection of participants improves the validity of the overall results. Qualitative research limitations The first limitation as seen from the study is the use of snowballing sampling which reduces the validity of the overall findings. The second weaknessRead MoreThe Essential Features Of Interviews1599 Words   |  7 Pagesconclusion can therefore be drawn. ‘The findings support the need to develop appropriate nursing interventions to establish a nurturing presence with patients’ (Moyle, 2002, p.268). 4.2.3 Validity, Reliability and Generalizability of Interviews Quantitative research is ideally valid, reliability and generalizability, because the researcher is objective to the findings and they analyse large-scale numerical data by professional statistical approaches. Qualitative research tends to subjective and researchersRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Theory895 Words   |  4 Pagesbe based on parsimony. The more simplistic the theory the more worthy it becomes all due to the lack of both assumptions as well as definitions (Wacker, 1998). Generalizability, dictionary.com defines generalize as: to deal, think, or speak in generalities (Generalize, n.d.). So when we think or speak in the term of generalizability as it relates to a theory, we would like to look at it in the terms the more the better. Meaning the more areas hat a particular theory can be applied to the moreRead More##esizing Three Theories To Explain User Information Security Behavior In Virtual Communities1299 Words   |  6 Pageshas no known chance of being selected. The study will attempt to receive a minimum valid response rate of 30% from the sample, which is an acceptable response rate, according to Sekaran and Bougie (2013). The study will seek to establish the generalizability of the population through a reliable and valid sample size with a high precision, a margin of error of +/-5%, standard deviation of .5 and a confidence level of 95%. The primary data collection method for this study is a questionnaire, due toRead MoreAssessment And The Myers Briggs Indicator Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesreports using the mail-in scoring service, costing $75.50. One can find these resources at www.pearsonclinical.com/talent/products/100000323/campbell-interest-and-skill-survey-ciss.html. Since this would be considered a formal assessment, validity and reliability are characteristics that can be identified. I would consider this to be a formal assessment because this assessment measures inventory (no right or wrong answers) and also measures skill. A norm amongst this assessment is working adults.Read MoreBenefits Of Patients Following Discharge From An Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility895 Words   |  4 Pagesarea. 28. What are the threats to internal validity or sources of bias? There are threats to the validity of this study, including, a self-reporting method of data collection and mortality. The Functional Independence Measurement scale was used to improve self-reporting reliability, but more than nine percent of the population in the study were deceased at the time of the follow-up assessment. 29. What are the controls for the threats to internal validity? The Functional Independence MeasurementRead MoreCommon Tests of Reliability882 Words   |  4 PagesReliability is most commonly used to refer to the degree of consistency with which measurement can be conducted, and it focuses primarily on the instruments used in research. In this most simple consideration of reliability, a researcher must demonstrate that an instrument yields consistent results. The attributes of instruments must not produce variability in research outcomes that could be misconstrued as changes to the variables being measured. Two common data collection methods are referred to

The Freedom Of The African Americans - 1136 Words

â€Å"Forcing people to be generous isn t humanitarian, effective, compassionate or moral. Only acts that are truly voluntary for all concerned can be truly compassionate.† – Harry Browne. Sadly the good humanitarianism would not reach Africa until some thousands were killed by the greed of the Europeans. Europeans wanting to explore Africa for their personal gain should not have used the excuse of humanitarianism to justify the true act of imperialism that was happening in Africa because, many European countries want to â€Å"win the race† of being the first to colonize unexplored Africa, Europeans saw Africa as having an unfathomable amount of natural resources, and Europeans wanted to spread Christianity and â€Å"save† the people of in Africa. Firstly many European countries wanted to â€Å"win the race† of being the first to colonize unexplored Africa. During this time period most of Africa had been explored around the other perimeter and coas t, but not the interior of Africa. Africa’s interior had remained unexplored by many, but still sparked the interest of many Europeans. Particularly this new curiosity can be seen at the Berlin Conference of 1884. At this conference many of the world’s leaders gathered around a table, put a map of Africa on the table, and began to divide the land among them. Many of the leaders at that conference wanted to gain dominance over one another in Africa on who could be the first to colonize. This would lead to many humanitarian incidents with theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans Freedom1653 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggles of African Americans to establish their freedom is a big part of American history. From the time of slavery until recent days, changes have taken place to better the lives of many. Names such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X and Jackie Robinson are names forever recognized and remembered by every American black or white. Many of those pe ople led the way and instituted themselves leaders in the movement which directed everything that is connected to the life of African AmericansRead MoreThe Freedom Riders For African Americans1491 Words   |  6 PagesWho are the Freedom Riders you may ask? They were a courageous and daring group, which originally consisted of seven African Americans and six Whites.They fought for the equality and justice for their race. They fought against the racist South during the early 1960’s. Their goal was to make a safer and more fair world for current and future African Americans in the United States. They went through hardship and violence from things such as, angry mobs and racist law enforcement through a period ofRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom And African American History 1 XIN LI The United States is a immigrant country, which faces varieties of problems. The African American problem is one of the most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of educationRead MoreFreedom Among The African Americans1292 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 19th and late 20th centuries, freedom among the African Americans has been a constant battle between his U.S born given rights and the limitations places on such rights by the states. Through the expansion and development of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the term freedom had been ironically used, for example through the 13th amendment where a former slave could be called a free man yet his freedom was limited and strictly outlined by the governmentRead MoreAfrican American Struggle for Freedom2198 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican-American Struggle for Freedom Beverly Garrett Axia College In the early nineteenth century, the African American went from slavery to the struggle for freedom. They had to do several activities in order to survive. Even though food affected the lifestyle during slavery, with religion, soul food like greens, and hamburger meat was prepared and grown to help families survive. There were several kinds of slavesRead MoreThe War For African American Freedom1782 Words   |  8 Pages The War for African American Freedom The War For Africa American Freedom The Civil War was the turning point in American history to free a race that was considered property. This war would unify blacks and whites to fight side by side each other against the South. The Missouri Compromise, Nat Turner’s rebellion, the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Dred Scott V. Sanford led the North to consider themselves liberators against the slave-holding South. The EmancipationRead MoreThe State Of Freedom For The African American People867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1860s there was a lot of different stands on the state of freedom for the African-American people in the south, also a false identity of freedom for the quote on quote freed slaves. During this time there were multiple documents stating the condition of the south by observation, also to further educate the Northerners of the condition of the US and following up on the progress that was being made after the civil war. All of the documents were all very detail, as well came from a veryRead MoreWhat Was Freedom For African Americans?961 Words   |  4 Pagesof problems. (Lecture 1) After the destruction of slavery, it left nearly four million African American with no property, little training, and few rights; which made the definition of freedom for African Americans the central question on the nation’s agenda. The big question of the time period was, â€Å"what was freedom for African Americans?† (Give me liberty! An American 550) From 1865 to 1900 African Americans, despite being presumed free; blacks quickly realized they were only free from was theRead MoreFreedom? Explores And Examines The African American Struggle1398 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom? explores and examines the African American struggle in their quest for freedom and the many ways that it has taken form. Webster dictionary defines freedom as the â€Å"quality or state of being free†, but freedom can mean so much more. For the African-American community after slavery was abolished, they faced a time when they were technically free, no one controlled their day to day activities, or forced them back into cotton fields, but were they actually free? Their ideas were not valuedRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass became a vital figure for the African American freedom struggle during the 1860’s with the help of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a key

Private Fitness, Inc. Free Essays

BBUS 425 Advanced Management Accounting| Case 1: Private Fitness, Inc. | Analysis of existing management and operation issues| Yunlong TangYen Hao ChaoInstructor: Tony BellSep 16, 2012| MEMORANDUM DATE: Sep 16, 2012 TO: Rosemary Worth, the owner of Private Fitness, Inc. FROM: Yen Hao Chao and Yunlong Tang ————————————————- RE: Analysis of existing management and operation issues It’s a pleasure that we have a chance to review your company’s existing management and operation system. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Fitness, Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now We believe that there are some serious management and operation problems which need to be changed or improved immediately. In this memorandum, we will identify those issues in management and operation system, and provide recommended solutions for solving problems. Issues in management and operation system 1. The biggest issue is that the company has less control on tracking all records, such as the number of clients, the length of any private fitness class, and the money transactions between customers and the company. Without this information, the company may not collect cash properly and prevent crimes from happening in the operation, such as money stealing 2. Some of the jobs from management level have not been well performed in the normal business operation, since all power and jobs have been centralized onto one person. 3. Employees might provide some private fitness classes to the client without reporting to the company. This is a very serious problem, since employment honesty is a huge benefit to the health of your business. Solution We will provide you the suggestions based on two types of control which are action control and personal control. In action control, we recommend you to install a control system for tracking classroom usage and hire another financial manager to take over any financial jobs, operation cost and profit recording from Kate. In personnel control, we recommend you to regulate some new policies such as no personal discount and any class appointment must be reported to the new finance manager. Classroom usage control system Classroom usage control system is a system to help you to track the length of using the classroom in order to verify how much money is collected based on the time of classroom usage. Under this system, every client or employee must apply a card to use the classroom. They need to swipe on the machine in order to get in or out of the exercise room. After they swipe the machine, the computer will automatically record this data and save it to the database. Through this control system, you will have the complete information about how many clients you have, how long they stay in the classroom, and how much money you are supposed to earn each month based on the time of classroom usage. If the collected money does not match the amount of cash received based on the length of classroom usage, the financial manager needs to be responsible and find out the reason for the missing money as well as report the incident to you immediately. Although this control system will solve the problems and generate huge profits in the long run, but it still has some disadvantages such as cost and maintenance. Additionally, you have to provide significant training for employees and customers to know how to use this system. Management system Your management system has failed to meet the goal of its function which is supposed to include monitoring and controlling the finance of your company. First, we know that your manager, Kate Hoffman, has been in charge of almost all jobs at the management level. Putting too much power in the hands of one manager may create risks to the management system. Second, since Kate has both jobs as an instructor and a manager in the company, she may not have enough time to keep track of every single transaction and all expenses accurately. As a result, we believe that hiring a professional person with finance education and management experience as a financial manager is necessary. The new manager will be in charge of record monitoring, appointment scheduling and financing, and Kate will become the marketing manager including the duty of facility up-keep and keep her position as one of the instructor in the company. Kate and the new manager will now each receive 50% of the salary which Kate used to receive, but Kate can still have the bonus as usual. All business transaction, such as money collecting and equipment purchasing, will be reported to the new manager. Although most clients have direct contact with some of your company’s employees, any appointment of taking classes must also be reported to the new manager with details on the date of the appointment and the length of the class. As well, the new manager has to directly report all information to you periodically, like once a month. Hiring a new manager will lead to a flatter business structure so that every manager has more specific functions on controlling the system and more accuracy on performance. Furthermore, viewing the report of all periodic expenses and profit from the finance manager will provide a forecast on the company’s future financial situation and become more helpful to improve the efficiency of the operation and the decision making from the management level. However, this new move may create unexpected expenses on paying salary to the new manager, and also, the new manager will need time to become familiar with his/her new co-workers and the new working environments. Policies Since many of the students have straight contact with the instructors, they may deal with the instructors under the table, such as asking for the personal discount privately. Some of the instructors may also provide private classes to students with using company’s facility in the normal business schedule without reporting. To prevent those risks, you must create related policies as follow: * No personal discount provided to customers from any of our employees unless the discount is permitted by the company * No private fitness classes are provided to the customers at any of the time unless the classes have been reported * Any violation of the two policies will receive penalty or warning depending on the situation. We believe the new policies will restrict the authority of using the facility and limit the contact with customers from the employees. The employees will behave more professionally and become more honest to the company. The chance of creating unreported transaction will be minimized, and the record of using any facility in the company will be more accurate. However, the employees may feel uncomfortable with the new policies, but they will get used to the new policies. Recommendation We recommend that the company should set up a system for tracking the usage of classrooms, hire a new financial manager to take over partial duty of management from Kate and regulate some new policies. New system and new manager will provide significant control on tracking the process of collecting money and organizing business operation. On the other hand, in order to enhance the honesty of employees, implementing new policies inside the company is necessary and beneficial to provide a healthier working environment. How to cite Private Fitness, Inc., Papers